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  • General Information and notes
    • Planning − R404A and R507A retrofit
      • Timing for prohibitions
        • HCFC (R22) phase-out according to the Montreal Protocol
          • HFC phase-down according to the EU F-Gas Regulation
            • HFC phase-down according to the Kigali Amendment
            • Refrigerant comparison to R404A/R507A − operating conditions and system design
              • Substitutes for R404A and R507A
                • Application ranges
                  • BITZER oils for refrigerants of safety class A1
                  • Planning − R22 retrofit
                    • Timing for prohibitions
                      • HCFC (R22) phase-out according to the Montreal Protocol
                        • HFC phase-down according to the Kigali Amendment
                          • HFC phase-down according to the EU F-Gas Regulation
                          • Refrigerant comparison to R22 − operating conditions and system design
                            • Substitutes for R22
                              • Application ranges
                                • BITZER oils for refrigerants of safety class A1
                                • Practical retrofit of R404A and R507A
                                  • Safety
                                    • Retrofit of R404A/R507A to R448A/R449A
                                      • Necessary preparations before retrofit of R404A/R507A to R448A/R449A
                                        • Retrofit of R404A/R507A systems
                                          • Compatibility of BITZER products
                                          • Service and data protocol
                                            • Vapour pressure tables
                                          • Practical retrofit of R22
                                            • Safety
                                              • Retrofit of R22 to alternative refrigerants
                                                • Necessary preparations before retrofit of R22 to substitutes
                                                  • Retrofit of R22 to HFC blends
                                                    • Compatibility of BITZER products
                                                    • Service and data protocol
                                                      • Vapour pressure tables
                                                    • Solutions by BITZER for future refrigerants
                                                      • A-501-21 - digital
                                                        • Information
                                                          • Refrigerant developments and legal situation
                                                            • Structural classification of refrigerants
                                                              • HFC refrigerants
                                                                • HFO and HFO/HFC blends
                                                                  • Halogen free (natural) refrigerants
                                                                  • Environmental aspects
                                                                    • Global Warming and TEWI Factor
                                                                      • Eco-Efficiency
                                                                    • Refrigerants
                                                                      • HCFC refrigerants
                                                                        • R22 as transitional refrigerant
                                                                          • Resulting design criteria
                                                                        • HFC refrigerants
                                                                          • R134a as substitute for R12 and R22
                                                                            • R134a has similar thermodynamic properties to R12
                                                                              • Lubricants for R134a
                                                                                • Resulting design and construction criteria
                                                                                  • BITZER products for R134a
                                                                                    • Converting existing R12 plants to R134a
                                                                                      • Restrictions for R134a in mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems
                                                                                        • Supplementary BITZER information concerning the use of R134a
                                                                                        • Alternatives to R134a
                                                                                          • R152a – an alternative to R134a (?)
                                                                                            • "Low GWP" HFO refrigerant R1234yf
                                                                                          • Refrigerant blends
                                                                                            • BITZER products and experiences with refrigerant blends
                                                                                              • General characteristics of zeotropic blends
                                                                                                • Service blends
                                                                                                  • Service blends with the basic component R22* as substitutes for R502
                                                                                                    • Resulting design criteria / Converting existing R502 plants
                                                                                                    • Service blends as substitutes for R12 (R500)
                                                                                                      • Resulting design criteria / Converting existing R12 plants
                                                                                                  • Substitutes for R22 in refrigeration systems
                                                                                                    • R404A and R507A as substitutes for R22 and R502
                                                                                                      • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                        • BITZER products for R404A and R507A
                                                                                                          • Supplementary BITZER information concerning the use of HFC blends
                                                                                                          • R407A/B/F/H as substitutes for R22 and R502
                                                                                                            • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                              • Converting existing R22 plants to R407A/B/F/H
                                                                                                                • Conversion of existing R404A/R507A systems to R407A/B/F/H
                                                                                                                  • BITZER products for R407A and R407F
                                                                                                                  • R422A as substitute for R22 and R502
                                                                                                                    • BITZER products for R422A
                                                                                                                  • Substitutes for R22 in air conditioning systems and heat pumps
                                                                                                                    • R407C as substitute for R22
                                                                                                                      • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                        • BITZER products for R407C
                                                                                                                          • Converting existing R22 plants to R407C
                                                                                                                          • R410A as substitute for R22
                                                                                                                            • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                              • BITZER products for R410A
                                                                                                                              • R417A/417B/422D/438A as substitutes for R22
                                                                                                                                • BITZER products for R417A/417B/422D/438A
                                                                                                                                • R427A as a substitute for R22
                                                                                                                                  • BITZER products for R427A
                                                                                                                                    • Supplementary BITZER information concerning the use of HFC blends
                                                                                                                                    • R32 as substitute for R22
                                                                                                                                      • BITZER products for R32
                                                                                                                                    • "Low GWP" HFOs and HFO/HFC blends as alternatives to HFCs
                                                                                                                                      • Aspects on the development of HFO and HFO/HFC refrigerants
                                                                                                                                        • R134a alternatives
                                                                                                                                          • Substitutes for R404A/R507A and R410A
                                                                                                                                            • Further development projects with "Low GWP" refrigerants
                                                                                                                                              • BITZER experiences and products for HFOs and HFO/HFC blends
                                                                                                                                                • Further information on the application of HFOs and HFO/HFC blends
                                                                                                                                                • Halogen free (natural) refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                  • NH3 (Ammonia) as alternative refrigerant
                                                                                                                                                    • Resulting design and construction criteria
                                                                                                                                                      • BITZER products for NH3
                                                                                                                                                        • Conversion of existing plants
                                                                                                                                                          • Supplementary BITZER information concerning the application of NH3
                                                                                                                                                          • R723 (NH3/DME) as an alternative to NH3
                                                                                                                                                            • Resulting layout criteria
                                                                                                                                                              • BITZER products for R723
                                                                                                                                                              • R290 (Propane) as alternative refrigerant
                                                                                                                                                                • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                                                  • BITZER products for R290
                                                                                                                                                                    • Conversion of existing plants with R22 or HFC to R290
                                                                                                                                                                      • Supplementary BITZER information concerning the use of R290
                                                                                                                                                                      • Propylene (R1270) as an alternative to propane
                                                                                                                                                                        • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                                                          • BITZER products for R1270
                                                                                                                                                                            • Supplementary BITZER information concerning the use of R1270
                                                                                                                                                                            • Carbon dioxide R744 (CO2) as an alternative refrigerant and secondary fluid
                                                                                                                                                                              • Subcritical CO2 applications
                                                                                                                                                                                • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                  • BITZER products for subcritical CO2 applications
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supplementary BITZER information concerning compressor selection for subcritical CO2 systems
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Transcritical CO2 applications
                                                                                                                                                                                      • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                        • BITZER products for transcritical CO2 applications
                                                                                                                                                                                          • Supplementary BITZER information concerning compressor selection for transcritical CO2 systems
                                                                                                                                                                                          • CO2 in car air conditioning systems
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Refrigerants for special applications
                                                                                                                                                                                          • R124 and R142b as substitutes for R114 and R12B1
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Resulting design criteria / Converting existing plants
                                                                                                                                                                                              • BITZER products for R124 and R142b
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Chlorine free substitutes for special applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Alternatives for R114 and R12B1
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • BITZER products for ORC systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Alternatives for R13B1
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Alternatives for R13 and R503
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • BITZER products for substitutes for special applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Refrigerant data
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Complete refrigerant data
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Preselection of refrigerant comparisons
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • R22 and alternative refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • R134a and alternative refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • R404A and alternative refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • R410A and alternative refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • R13, R23 and alternative refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • R11, R123 and alternative refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • R124 and alternative refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • R12 and alternative refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • R502A and alternative refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Lubricants for compressors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Supplementary BITZER information concerning lubricants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Overview lubricants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Application ranges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • HFC refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • "Low GWP" refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Halogen free refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Overview lubricants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Refrigerant Report website and PDF
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Document as PDF