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  • What are refrigerants?
    • What is new in the Refrigerant Report?
      • BITZER refrigerant recommendations for the EU
        • Choosing the refrigerant
          • Thermodynamics
            • Pressure level
              • Operation below ambient pressure
                • Operation above critical pressure
                • Material compatibility
                  • Thermal and chemical stability
                    • Environmental impact
                      • Dangers for users and technicians
                      • Refrigerant selection tables
                        • Complete table with filter function
                          • Separate tables
                            • R134a
                              • R22
                                • R404A
                                  • R410A
                                    • R23, R13
                                      • R123, R11
                                        • R124
                                          • R12
                                            • R502
                                          • Methods for comparison of refrigerants
                                            • Preselection with refrigerant tables
                                              • Comparison via refrigerant property data
                                                • Refrigeration process design
                                                  • Operating conditions
                                                    • Values evaluated
                                                      • Example results
                                                      • Comparison based on component data
                                                      • What`s new on refrigerants?
                                                        • Components for blends
                                                          • New refrigerants for low temperature applications below -50°C
                                                            • New blends for the substitution of R134a
                                                            • Long-term available refrigerants
                                                              • Regulations and other legal provisions
                                                                • Status of the EU F-Gas Regulation
                                                                  • European Green Deal
                                                                    • Montreal Protocol Kigali Amendment
                                                                      • USA AIM Act and EPA Rules
                                                                        • Proposal for regulation of PFAS and TFA
                                                                        • Emissions
                                                                          • Terms on emissions
                                                                            • Extended greenhouse gas balance CFP on a refrigerant compressor
                                                                            • Reports of the IPCC
                                                                              • Refrigerant Report 21
                                                                                • Information
                                                                                  • Refrigerant developments and legal situation
                                                                                    • Structural classification of refrigerants
                                                                                      • HFC refrigerants
                                                                                        • HFO and HFO/HFC blends
                                                                                          • Halogen free (natural) refrigerants
                                                                                          • Environmental aspects
                                                                                            • Global Warming and TEWI Factor
                                                                                              • Eco-Efficiency
                                                                                            • Refrigerants
                                                                                              • HCFC refrigerants
                                                                                                • R22 as transitional refrigerant
                                                                                                  • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                • HFC refrigerants
                                                                                                  • R134a as substitute for R12 and R22
                                                                                                    • R134a has similar thermodynamic properties to R12
                                                                                                      • Lubricants for R134a
                                                                                                        • Resulting design and construction criteria
                                                                                                          • BITZER products for R134a
                                                                                                            • Converting existing R12 plants to R134a
                                                                                                              • Restrictions for R134a in mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems
                                                                                                                • Supplementary BITZER information concerning the use of R134a
                                                                                                                • Alternatives to R134a
                                                                                                                  • R152a – an alternative to R134a (?)
                                                                                                                    • "Low GWP" HFO refrigerant R1234yf
                                                                                                                  • Refrigerant blends
                                                                                                                    • BITZER products and experiences with refrigerant blends
                                                                                                                      • General characteristics of zeotropic blends
                                                                                                                        • Service blends
                                                                                                                          • Service blends with the basic component R22* as substitutes for R502
                                                                                                                            • Resulting design criteria / Converting existing R502 plants
                                                                                                                            • Service blends as substitutes for R12 (R500)
                                                                                                                              • Resulting design criteria / Converting existing R12 plants
                                                                                                                          • Substitutes for R22 in refrigeration systems
                                                                                                                            • R404A and R507A as substitutes for R22 and R502
                                                                                                                              • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                • BITZER products for R404A and R507A
                                                                                                                                  • Supplementary BITZER information concerning the use of HFC blends
                                                                                                                                  • R407A/B/F/H as substitutes for R22 and R502
                                                                                                                                    • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                      • Converting existing R22 plants to R407A/B/F/H
                                                                                                                                        • Conversion of existing R404A/R507A systems to R407A/B/F/H
                                                                                                                                          • BITZER products for R407A and R407F
                                                                                                                                          • R422A as substitute for R22 and R502
                                                                                                                                            • BITZER products for R422A
                                                                                                                                          • Substitutes for R22 in air conditioning systems and heat pumps
                                                                                                                                            • R407C as substitute for R22
                                                                                                                                              • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                                • BITZER products for R407C
                                                                                                                                                  • Converting existing R22 plants to R407C
                                                                                                                                                  • R410A as substitute for R22
                                                                                                                                                    • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                                      • BITZER products for R410A
                                                                                                                                                      • R417A/417B/422D/438A as substitutes for R22
                                                                                                                                                        • BITZER products for R417A/417B/422D/438A
                                                                                                                                                        • R427A as a substitute for R22
                                                                                                                                                          • BITZER products for R427A
                                                                                                                                                            • Supplementary BITZER information concerning the use of HFC blends
                                                                                                                                                            • R32 as substitute for R22
                                                                                                                                                              • BITZER products for R32
                                                                                                                                                            • "Low GWP" HFOs and HFO/HFC blends as alternatives to HFCs
                                                                                                                                                              • Aspects on the development of HFO and HFO/HFC refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                • R134a alternatives
                                                                                                                                                                  • Substitutes for R404A/R507A and R410A
                                                                                                                                                                    • Further development projects with "Low GWP" refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                      • BITZER experiences and products for HFOs and HFO/HFC blends
                                                                                                                                                                        • Further information on the application of HFOs and HFO/HFC blends
                                                                                                                                                                        • Halogen free (natural) refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                          • NH3 (Ammonia) as alternative refrigerant
                                                                                                                                                                            • Resulting design and construction criteria
                                                                                                                                                                              • BITZER products for NH3
                                                                                                                                                                                • Conversion of existing plants
                                                                                                                                                                                  • Supplementary BITZER information concerning the application of NH3
                                                                                                                                                                                  • R723 (NH3/DME) as an alternative to NH3
                                                                                                                                                                                    • Resulting layout criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                      • BITZER products for R723
                                                                                                                                                                                      • R290 (Propane) as alternative refrigerant
                                                                                                                                                                                        • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                          • BITZER products for R290
                                                                                                                                                                                            • Conversion of existing plants with R22 or HFC to R290
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Supplementary BITZER information concerning the use of R290
                                                                                                                                                                                              • Propylene (R1270) as an alternative to propane
                                                                                                                                                                                                • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                  • BITZER products for R1270
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Supplementary BITZER information concerning the use of R1270
                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Carbon dioxide R744 (CO2) as an alternative refrigerant and secondary fluid
                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Subcritical CO2 applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                          • BITZER products for subcritical CO2 applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Supplementary BITZER information concerning compressor selection for subcritical CO2 systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Transcritical CO2 applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Resulting design criteria
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • BITZER products for transcritical CO2 applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • Supplementary BITZER information concerning compressor selection for transcritical CO2 systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • CO2 in car air conditioning systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Refrigerants for special applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • R124 and R142b as substitutes for R114 and R12B1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • Resulting design criteria / Converting existing plants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • BITZER products for R124 and R142b
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Chlorine free substitutes for special applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Alternatives for R114 and R12B1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • BITZER products for ORC systems
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Alternatives for R13B1
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Alternatives for R13 and R503
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • BITZER products for substitutes for special applications
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          • Refrigerant data
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            • Lubricants for compressors
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              • Supplementary BITZER information concerning lubricants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Overview lubricants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                • Application ranges
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  • HFC refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    • "Low GWP" refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      • Halogen free refrigerants
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        • Overview lubricants